This Technical Overview discusses how time is distributed over the network, how Time Error affects network performance, and methods to mitigate Time Error to ensure accurate timing and synchronization throughout the network.

The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) allows precise timing over Ethernet, and as such is an integral element of IEC 61850 development and deployment. This paper examines the applications and benefits of PTP, and provides a summary of the Utility and Power PTP profiles.

The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) allows precise timing over Ethernet, but interoperability challenges can be a major barrier to deployment. This document explains the benefits - and challenges - of mutiple PTP profiles, and possible test solutions.

This document gives an overview of the requirements for time accuracy and traceability to MiFID II, background information on Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and the part it plays in satisfying these requirements, and considerations for proving equipment is fit for purpose as well as demonstrating that networks are compliant to MiFID II as per RTS 25 - levels of accuracy for business clocks.

This document outlines how IEEE 802.1AS (gPTP) provides the high-accuracy synchronization which is the foundation of Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), what the challenges are for testing and developing gPTP, and recommended best practice for proving synchronization performance of devices and networks.

As IP networks become more prevalent in professional broadcast environments, accurate synchronization using the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is becoming a critical consideration. This paper provides background on PTP, and details on the SMPTE ‘Broadcast’ Profile.

This document outlines how IEEE 802.1AS (gPTP) provides the high-accuracy synchronization which is the foundation of Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), what the challenges are for testing and developing Automotive gPTP, and recommended best practice for proving synchronization performance of devices and networks.

This document provides an overview of the benefits and challenges when choosing a PTP Profile for a particular application, discusses appropriate hardware and software capabilities for network equipment, and examines the impact of different network environments on time accuracy.

The companion Technical Overview, "Testing a T-BC to ITU-T G.8273.2" describes the methods of testing a telecom boundary clock (T-BC) to meet G.8273.2. This Technical Overview describes in more detail the methods for measuring time error transfer of a T-BC, following the recommendations of G.8273.2 Appendix VI.

This Test Guide shows how the Calnex Paragon-X can be used to provide Time Aware Relay compliance to IEEE 802.1AS (gPTP) and provides procedures to measure noise generation and time noise tolerance.

This Test Guide shows how the Calnex Paragon-100G can be used to test T-BC compliance as per G.8273.2 and provides procedures to measure noise generation, tolerance & transfer in addition to packet layer transient response and holdover performance.

This Test Guide shows how the Calnex Paragon-X can be used to prove T-BC compliance to G.8273.2 and provides procedures to measure noise generation time noise tolerance and transfer, packet layer transient response and holdover performance.

The accuracy of Telecom Time Slave Clocks (T-TSCs) is essential to the successful roll-out of LTE-A and TDD-LTE. To meet the new G.8273.2 compliance limits, T-TSCs must meet a very stringent constant Time-Error (cTE) limit of 20 or 50 nanoseconds.

Issues that need to be considered for accurate Time Error results including comment on 1pps measurements, 1588 Time Error measurement, telecom boundary clock (T-BC), Polarity of T-BC inaccuracies and a summary of T-BC inaccuracies.

A discussion on the issues that need to be considered and some tips on how to ensure the uncertainty due to cable delays is minimised when performing high accuracy Time Error measurements.

The accuarcy of Telecom Boundary Clocks is essential to the successful roll-out of LTE-A and TDD-LTE. The ITU-T has agreed a new specification for the performance of T-BCs, recommendation G.8273.2. This application note describes what a Boundary Clock is, and explains the critical performance parameters defined in G.8273.2.

The Chronos Smart SFP™ can be configured as a T-TC, allowing Network Operators to use existing network equipment. This Application note describes how the T-TC performance can be verified by the Calnex Paragon-X.

This Test Guide shows how the Calnex Paragon-neo can be used to test T-BC compliance as per G.8273.2 and provides procedures to measure noise generation, time noise tolerance and transfer, packet layer transient response and holdover performance.

The accuracy of Telecom Boundary Clocks (T-BCs) is essential to the successful roll-out of 5G, in addition to supporting LTE-A and TDD-LTE. The ITU-T has updated specifications for T-BCs in Recommendation G.8273.2 to cover this range of applications. This Technical Overview describes what a boundary clock is, and explains the critical performance parameters defined in G.8273.2.

This Test Guide shows how the Calnex Paragon-neo can be used to test T-TSC compliance as per G.8273.2 and provides procedures to measure noise generation, time noise tolerance and transfer, packet layer transient response and holdover performance.

The ITU-T G.8261 and G.8262 standards specify compliance requrements for SyncE Jitter and Wander performance. This application note detail how the Calnex Paragon-X can be used to prove compliance to G.8262 and provides procedures to measure noise generation, tolerance and transfer, packet layer transient response and holdover performance of Ethernet equipment.

This Test Guide shows how the Paragon-neo can be used to perform the tests specified in the ITU-T G.8262.1/G.8262 standards for proving SyncE wander and jitter performance at rates up to 100GbE. The tests include noise generation, noise tolerance and transfer, phase transient response and holdover performance.

With mobile communications, some of the current and proposed future radio technologies require not only frequency sync, but time sync as well. In this paper Tommy Cook and Tim Frost will discuss the challenge of tighter time accuracy.